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substr

(PHP 4, PHP 5)

substr — Return part of a string

Description

string substr ( string $string , int $start [, int $length ] )

Returns the portion of string specified by the start and length parameters.

Parameters

string

The input string.

start

If start is non-negative, the returned string will start at the start 'th position in string , counting from zero. For instance, in the string 'abcdef', the character at position 0 is 'a', the character at position 2 is 'c', and so forth.

If start is negative, the returned string will start at the start 'th character from the end of string .

Example #1 Using a negative start


<?php
$rest = substr("abcdef", -1);    // returns "f"
$rest = substr("abcdef", -2);    // returns "ef"
$rest = substr("abcdef", -3, 1); // returns "d"
?>

length

If length is given and is positive, the string returned will contain at most length characters beginning from start (depending on the length of string ). If string is less than or equal to start characters long, FALSE will be returned.

If length is given and is negative, then that many characters will be omitted from the end of string (after the start position has been calculated when a start is negative). If start denotes a position beyond this truncation, an empty string will be returned.

Example #2 Using a negative length


<?php
$rest = substr("abcdef", 0, -1);  // returns "abcde"
$rest = substr("abcdef", 2, -1);  // returns "cde"
$rest = substr("abcdef", 4, -4);  // returns ""
$rest = substr("abcdef", -3, -1); // returns "de"
?>

Return Values

Returns the extracted part of string.

Examples

Example #3 Basic substr() usage


<?php
echo substr('abcdef', 1);     // bcdef
echo substr('abcdef', 1, 3);  // bcd
echo substr('abcdef', 0, 4);  // abcd
echo substr('abcdef', 0, 8);  // abcdef
echo substr('abcdef', -1, 1); // f

// Accessing single characters in a string
// can also be achieved using "square brackets"
$string = 'abcdef';
echo $string[0];                 // a
echo $string[3];                 // d
echo $string[strlen($string)-1]; // f

?>

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